# Dependencies

**FastAPI** has a very powerful but intuitive **Dependency Injection** system.

It is designed to be very simple to use, and to make it very easy for any developer to integrate other components with **FastAPI**.

## What is "Dependency Injection"

**"Dependency Injection"** means, in programming, that there is a way for your code (in this case, your _path operation functions_) to declare things that it requires to work and use: "dependencies".

And then, that system (in this case **FastAPI**) will take care of doing whatever is needed to provide your code with those needed dependencies ("inject" the dependencies).

This is very useful when you need to:

- Have shared logic (the same code logic again and again).
- Share database connections.
- Enforce security, authentication, role requirements, etc.
- And many other things...

All these, while minimizing code repetition.

## First Steps

Let's see a very simple example. It will be so simple that it is not very useful, for now.

But this way we can focus on how the **Dependency Injection** system works.

### Create a dependency, or "dependable"

Let's first focus on the dependency.

It is just a function that can take all the same parameters that a _path operation function_ can take:

```python
from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


async def common_parameters(q: str | None = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
    return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons


@app.get("/users/")
async def read_users(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons
```

That's it.

**2 lines**.

And it has the same shape and structure that all your _path operation functions_ have.

You can think of it as a _path operation function_ without the "decorator" (without the `@app.get("/some-path")`).

And it can return anything you want.

In this case, this dependency expects:

- An optional query parameter `q` that is a `str`.
- An optional query parameter `skip` that is an `int`, and by default is `0`.
- An optional query parameter `limit` that is an `int`, and by default is `100`.

And then it just returns a `dict` containing those values.

:::callout{intent="note"}
FastAPI added support for `Annotated` (and started recommending it) in version 0.95.0.

If you have an older version, you would get errors when trying to use `Annotated`.

Make sure you [Upgrade the FastAPI version](/guides/deployment-versions#upgrading-the-fastapi-versions) to at least 0.95.1 before using `Annotated`.
:::

### Import `Depends`

```python
from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


async def common_parameters(q: str | None = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
    return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons


@app.get("/users/")
async def read_users(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons
```

### Declare the dependency, in the "dependant"

The same way you use `Body`, `Query`, etc. with your _path operation function_ parameters, use `Depends` with a new parameter:

```python
from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


async def common_parameters(q: str | None = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
    return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons


@app.get("/users/")
async def read_users(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons
```

Although you use `Depends` in the parameters of your function the same way you use `Body`, `Query`, etc, `Depends` works a bit differently.

You only give `Depends` a single parameter.

This parameter must be something like a function.

You **don't call it** directly (don't add the parenthesis at the end), you just pass it as a parameter to `Depends()`.

And that function takes parameters in the same way that _path operation functions_ do.

:::callout{intent="tip"}
You'll see what other "things", apart from functions, can be used as dependencies in the next chapter.
:::

Whenever a new request arrives, **FastAPI** will take care of:

- Calling your dependency ("dependable") function with the correct parameters.
- Get the result from your function.
- Assign that result to the parameter in your _path operation function_.

```mermaid
graph TB

common_parameters(["common_parameters"])
read_items["/items/"]
read_users["/users/"]

common_parameters --> read_items
common_parameters --> read_users
```

This way you write shared code once and **FastAPI** takes care of calling it for your _path operations_.

:::callout{intent="tip"}
Notice that you don't have to create a special class and pass it somewhere to **FastAPI** to "register" it or anything similar.

You just pass it to `Depends` and **FastAPI** knows how to do the rest.
:::

## Share `Annotated` dependencies

In the examples above, you see that there's a tiny bit of **code duplication**.

When you need to use the `common_parameters()` dependency, you have to write the whole parameter with the type annotation and `Depends()`:

```Python
commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]
```

But because we are using `Annotated`, we can store that `Annotated` value in a variable and use it in multiple places:

```python
from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


async def common_parameters(q: str | None = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
    return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}


CommonsDep = Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(commons: CommonsDep):
    return commons


@app.get("/users/")
async def read_users(commons: CommonsDep):
    return commons
```

:::callout{intent="tip"}
This is just standard Python, it's called a "type alias", it's actually not specific to **FastAPI**.

But because **FastAPI** is based on the Python standards, including `Annotated`, you can use this trick in your code. 😎
:::

The dependencies will keep working as expected, and the **best part** is that the **type information will be preserved**, which means that your editor will be able to keep providing you with **autocompletion**, **inline errors**, etc. The same for other tools like `mypy`.

This will be especially useful when you use it in a **large code base** where you use **the same dependencies** over and over again in **many _path operations_**.

## To `async` or not to `async`

As dependencies will also be called by **FastAPI** (the same as your _path operation functions_), the same rules apply while defining your functions.

You can use `async def` or normal `def`.

And you can declare dependencies with `async def` inside of normal `def` _path operation functions_, or `def` dependencies inside of `async def` _path operation functions_, etc.

It doesn't matter. **FastAPI** will know what to do.

:::callout{intent="note"}
If you don't know, check the [Async: _"In a hurry?"_](/guides/learn-async#in-a-hurry) section about `async` and `await` in the docs.
:::

## Integrated with OpenAPI

All the request declarations, validations and requirements of your dependencies (and sub-dependencies) will be integrated in the same OpenAPI schema.

So, the interactive docs will have all the information from these dependencies too:

<img src="../img/tutorial/dependencies/image01.png" alt="">

## Simple usage

If you look at it, _path operation functions_ are declared to be used whenever a _path_ and _operation_ matches, and then **FastAPI** takes care of calling the function with the correct parameters, extracting the data from the request.

Actually, all (or most) of the web frameworks work in this same way.

You never call those functions directly. They are called by your framework (in this case, **FastAPI**).

With the Dependency Injection system, you can also tell **FastAPI** that your _path operation function_ also "depends" on something else that should be executed before your _path operation function_, and **FastAPI** will take care of executing it and "injecting" the results.

Other common terms for this same idea of "dependency injection" are:

- resources
- providers
- services
- injectables
- components

## **FastAPI** plug-ins

Integrations and "plug-ins" can be built using the **Dependency Injection** system. But in fact, there is actually **no need to create "plug-ins"**, as by using dependencies it's possible to declare an infinite number of integrations and interactions that become available to your _path operation functions_.

And dependencies can be created in a very simple and intuitive way that allows you to just import the Python packages you need, and integrate them with your API functions in a couple of lines of code, _literally_.

You will see examples of this in the next chapters, about relational and NoSQL databases, security, etc.

## **FastAPI** compatibility

The simplicity of the dependency injection system makes **FastAPI** compatible with:

- all the relational databases
- NoSQL databases
- external packages
- external APIs
- authentication and authorization systems
- API usage monitoring systems
- response data injection systems
- etc.

## Simple and Powerful

Although the hierarchical dependency injection system is very simple to define and use, it's still very powerful.

You can define dependencies that in turn can define dependencies themselves.

In the end, a hierarchical tree of dependencies is built, and the **Dependency Injection** system takes care of solving all these dependencies for you (and their sub-dependencies) and providing (injecting) the results at each step.

For example, let's say you have 4 API endpoints (_path operations_):

- `/items/public/`
- `/items/private/`
- `/users/{user_id}/activate`
- `/items/pro/`

then you could add different permission requirements for each of them just with dependencies and sub-dependencies:

```mermaid
graph TB

current_user(["current_user"])
active_user(["active_user"])
admin_user(["admin_user"])
paying_user(["paying_user"])

public["/items/public/"]
private["/items/private/"]
activate_user["/users/{user_id}/activate"]
pro_items["/items/pro/"]

current_user --> active_user
active_user --> admin_user
active_user --> paying_user

current_user --> public
active_user --> private
admin_user --> activate_user
paying_user --> pro_items
```

## Integrated with **OpenAPI**

All these dependencies, while declaring their requirements, also add parameters, validations, etc. to your _path operations_.

**FastAPI** will take care of adding it all to the OpenAPI schema, so that it is shown in the interactive documentation systems.

## Related pages

- [About](./about-index.md)
- [Advanced User Guide](./advanced-user-guide-index.md)
- [Deployment](./deployment-index.md)
- [FastAPI](./fastapi-index.md)
- [FastAPI Docs](../index.md)
- [Features](./features-index.md)
- [How To - Recipes](./how-to-recipes-index.md)
- [Learn](./learn-index.md)
- [More](./more-index.md)
- [OpenAPI](./openapi-index.md)
- [Classes as Dependencies](./tutorial-user-guide-dependencies-classes-as-dependencies.md)
- [Sub-dependencies](./tutorial-user-guide-dependencies-sub-dependencies.md)
- [Dependencies in path operation decorators](./tutorial-user-guide-dependencies-dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md)
- [Global Dependencies](./tutorial-user-guide-dependencies-global-dependencies.md)
- [Dependencies with yield](./tutorial-user-guide-dependencies-dependencies-with-yield.md)

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